Functional hydrogels for the treatment of myocardial infarction

Abstract Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major disease posing significant threat to human health, as it leads necrosis of numerous cardiomyocytes (CMs), left ventricle dilation, and cardiac dysfunction, ultimately resulting in heart failure. Owing the shortage donors shortcomings current clinical treatment methods, resources have been dedicated developing platforms for tissue engineering, including functional hydrogels. Herein, we review variations myocardial microenvironment effects hydrogel systems that are designed support mimic this during repair following MI. Specifically, provide an overview recent hydrogels engineering. These include matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogels, reactive oxygen species-scavenging immunomodulatory which can reverse adverse microenvironment. Additionally, describe conductive reconstruct electrical signal conduction within infarct areas, vascularized promote function, 3D-printed achieve personal customized via printing intact structures, thus addressing donors.